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Why do some installations require reboot?
Why are reboots required? A lot of applications and Windows Updates require access to core system files, which are always in use while Windows is running. In order for a program (or update) to integrate itself into the required Windows Components, the files representing the components mustn't be in use.
Why does Linux not need to reboot?
It only sometimes doesn't need to. Ubuntu and some other Linux distributions can restart sections of the OS independently, so they don't always need a complete reboot to install new software; they might need to log a user out, or restart a server process. However, if the kernel is updated, that requires a reboot.
